Statement from Russian PEN Center
May 19, 2014βThe Russian PEN Center notes that Russian state-controlled media channels are being used to conduct an intense campaign of misleading propaganda. Over the past few months, this campaign has been focused primarily on federal television channels and state-run news agencies. It has led to a dangerous rise in nationalistic sentiment within society. Across the country, a culture of aggression towards Ukraine and its new government has reached fever-pitch. And now Ukrainians themselves are being subjected to this aggression too.
One element of this state-sponsored propaganda campaign is the pressure being exerted on independent media outlets and the countryβs media industry as a whole. The authorities are gradually ratcheting up the pressure through federal and regional channels. In effect, Russia has currently hollowed out any constitutional guarantees to freedom of speech. Cases of direct and indirect censorship are becoming more and more widespread, even though the Russian Constitution expressly forbids both.
Under these circumstances, we feel that systematically limiting free speech on the Internet is a particularly dangerous trend. There is now talk in Russia of severely restricting unlimited access to information on web-based networks. Recently approved legislation has just come into force which constrains certain individualsβ access to the Internet and allows particular online information resources to be blocked. The procedure has no judicial oversight, and is based entirely on the arbitrary decision of bureaucrats and the security services.
Over the past few weeks, a number of popular independent information resources have been subjected to this sort of denial-of-access treatment, including grani.ru, kasparov.ru, and the Russian Live Journal site, ej.ru. No court decisions are needed, and there is certainly no requirement for the state authorities to explain or justify their decisions. One site that was banned, and then had its access blocked, was Alexei Navalnyβs blog. Navalny is one of the best-known opposition figures in Russian politics. He is active in exposing corrupt and illegal practices within Russian politics and government. When he stood in Moscowβs most recent mayoral election, he polled just under a third of the votes cast across the capital.
In Russia, the intrusions continue onto peopleβs right to think and speak freely on the Internet. And the countryβs parliamentary yes-men are still ready to rubber-stamp yet more repressive laws.
A recent example of these clearly vindictive new developments was the adoption of a set of amendments to a range of existing legislation. The stated aim of the amendments was to set up a special surveillance system that monitors the activities of social networking sites and allows bloggersβ online activities to be constrained. In fact, legislators acted with particular cynicism in this case, as the package of legislative amendments was adopted under the title βstrengthening efforts on the war against terrorism.β
The constraints and bans laid out in those amendments are governed by the criminal and civil legal codes in the same way as any other existing Russian law would be. And bloggers are therefore subject to those laws in exactly the same way any other Russian citizen would be. However, the novel way in which the law has been framed makes discrimination possible. Thinkers, writers, and campaigners can be prosecuted without the need for judicial oversight. Instructions issued to Russiaβs criminal law authorities now include a new and powerful resourceβthe option to apply βjustice of the electorate.β This βnew information orderβ is needed to develop the practice of βprocedural punishment.β This means that anyone who is the subject of a prosecution is overloaded with a quagmire of futile, farcical but never-ending bureaucratic βoversight and supervisionβ processes. They have already reached the level where it is almost impossible for many non-governmental organizations to continue working in Russia.
The Russian PEN Center strongly opposes the current trend of state-sponsored repression and restrictions that limit freedom of speech.
To be clear: we support and stand firm together with our fellow citizens who publish their writing on the Internet. They are determined and do selfless work on social networking sites. These writers are helping Russian society as it looks for thorough, diverse, and objective information and as it takes a stand against the stateβs aggressive propaganda.
We call on our fellow members of PEN International to make every possible effort to mobilize global public opinion in support of independent journalists and bloggers. They are the ones standing up across Russia to oppose the governmentβs repressive policies and systematic limitations on the most important human right and freedom.
(Translated by Nick Sandars)
ΠΠΠ―ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π£Π‘Π‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ-Π¦ΠΠΠ’Π Π
19.05.2014
Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΠ-ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ: ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π»ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ,- Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»Π° ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ.
Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½Π΅Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π Π€.
Π ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅. Π Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ . Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°.
Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ β Π±Π΅Π· Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² β ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ²: Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ grani.ru, ej.ru, kasparov.ru. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° Π² ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Ρ .
ΠΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡ.
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π» Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠΌΡΡΠ» ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Π·Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ βΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌβ.
ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Ρ , ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π Π€, β Π±Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ , ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ , Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅. Π Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ βΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡβ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΡ βΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊβ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ βΠ½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠΉβ, ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ βΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ β ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΠ-Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½, ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Π΅.
ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³, ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΠ-ΠΠ»ΡΠ±Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ.